Challenge 03: Sustainably feed the global population

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Ocean Decade

Challenge 03:
Sustainably feed the global population

Generate knowledge, support innovation and develop solutions to optimize the role of the ocean in sustainably nourishing the world’s population under changing environmental, social and climate conditions.

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Fisheries Administrative Order No. 1. Organization and functions of the Bureau of Fisheries.
(Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1947-07-01)
Spontaneous maturation and spawning of milkfish in floating net cages
Marte, Clarissa L.; Lacanilao, Flor (Elsevier, 1986-04)
Milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) reared from wild-caught fry and from hatchery-bred fry matured at 3.5–5.5 years (2.3–4.9 kg). Maturation and spawning of the hatcherybred fish marks the first time the milkfish life-cycle has been completed in captivity. Milkfish at various stages of gonadal development were obtained in July–October 1980 and March–June 1981 derived from wild-caught fry, and in February–June 1983 from the hatchery-bred fish. The fish were held in floating net cages 9 m and 10 m diameter by 3 m deep, located in 7 m deep water off Igang, Guimaras Island, Philippines. Annual ranges of temperature and salinity were 25–33°C and 25–38 ppt, respectively. The fish were fed commercial feed pellet (42% protein) at 1.5–2% of body weight twice daily. Sexual maturation occurred during the natural breeding season of wild milkfish in the nearby waters. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) of mature males was 0.32–3.95 (wild-caught, 0.32–3.95; hatchery-bred, 1.71–3.85). For mature females it was 1.24–8.12 (wildcaught, 1.56–7.62; hatchery-bred, 1.24–8.12). Two spawnings were recorded in August 1980 and eight in May–July 1981 from the broodstock derived from wild-caught fry, with 342–6293 eggs collected from each spawning, while 14 spawnings were observed in May–June 1983 from the hatchery-bred fish, with 770–114 000 eggs collected. The time of spawning was between 23.00 and 02.00 h. Fertilization rate was 55–99% for the broodstock from wild-caught fry and 47–100% for the hatchery-bred fish. Hatch rate varied from 9 to 80%. Factors affecting spontaneous maturation, spawning and rematuration are discussed. Although slight improvements in egg collection were obtained, further innovations in egg collecting techniques will have to be developed. The results indicate the potential for hatchery production of milkfish fry from captive broodstock and for restocking of waters deprived of naturally occurring fry.
Electrophoretic evidence for extensive hybrid gene introgression into commercial Oreochromis niloticus (L.) stocks in the Philippines
Macaranas, J. M.; Taniguchi, N.; Pante, M. J. R.; Capili, J. B.; Pullin, R. S. V. (Hindawi Limited, 1986-10)
The usefulness of isozyme and protein markers in identifying tilapia species and their hybrids is demonstrated. Genetic characterization of Oreochromis niloticus populations from commercial farms, experimental stations, and government hatcheries in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao in the Philippines indicates well-established introgression with O. mossambicus. Genetic differentiation of the O. niloticus stocks, measured by Nei's genetic distance, was highly correlated with O. mossambicus gene content. The implications of these results for tilapia genetic improvement are discussed.
Clonal propagation of Eucheuma denticulatum and Kappaphycus alvarezii for Philippine seaweed farms
Dawes, C. J.; Trono, G. C.; Lluisma, A. O. (Springer, 1993-06)
Technique improvement and cost reduction of branch culture, micropropagation, and callus production of carrageenan-yielding seaweeds Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum is presented. Low cost branch culture is possible by enriching seawater with 0.1% coconut water with 1 mg l−1 indole-3-butyric acid for 24 h wk−1 or continuous culture with 0.01% Algafer, a Philippine fertilizer. Micropropagation of 0.5 cm explants had almost 100% new branch production demonstrating the viability of callus regenerated plants. The use of carrageenan as a media for callus production was not effective when compared to agar. Propagules of both species, transferred from the University of the Philippine Marine Science Institute (UPMSI) culture facility to the field, showed daily percent growth rates of 5 to 5.5% d−1 over 84 days. Based on the costs of the UPMSI laboratory, a culture facility in the seaweed farming area is estimated to cost about U. S. $22000 during the initial year and 58% less the second year.
Genetic improvement of farmed tilapias: Biochemical characterization of strain differences in Nile tilapia
Macaranas, Julie M.; Agustin, Liza Q.; Ablan, Ma. Carmen A.; Pante, Ma. Josefa R.; Fukushima, A.; Pullin, Roger S. V. (Springer, 1995-03)
Four African wild strains (Egypt, Ghana, Senegal and Kenya) and four established Asian farmed strains of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (popularly known in the Philippines as ‘Taiwan’, ‘Thailand’, ‘Singapore’ and ‘Israel’) were analysed electrophoretically at 30 protein loci to estimate genetic differences among the strains. All strains shared alleles at 14 monomorphic and 16 variable loci. Among the African strains, characteristic allele frequency differences were observed at AAT-1 * 46 for Ghana and Senegal, ADH * 83 for Kenya, ADH * 120 for Senegal, G3PDH-2 * 300 for Egypt, IDDH * 67 for Senegal, sMDH-1 * 120 for Kenya and SOD * 150 for Senegal. Genetic distance values among the strains revealed a clustering of the farmed strains with Egypt and Ghana O. niloticus, a slight separation of the Senegal strain and a larger separation of the Kenya strain. This profile may reflect the origins of the few founder populations of this species previously introduced to Asia. It also confirms the wider genetic divergence of the Kenya strain (O. niloticus vulcani) from the others studied here, which are all O. n. niloticus. Observed heterozygosities of the strains ranged from 0.026 to 0.071, with the African wild strains the lower values (mean Ho = 0.036) and the farmed strains the higher ones (mean Ho = 0.056). The implications of these results to the ongoing tilapia genetic improvement programme in the Philippines are discussed.
Survival, growth and food conversion efficiency of Panulirus ornatus following eyestalk ablation
Juinio–Meñez, Marie Antonette; Ruinata, Jesselita (Elsevier BV, 1996-11)
The viability of eyestalk ablation as a means to enhance the growth of juvenile spiny lobsters in commercial growout cultures was investigated in a 4-month experiment. Three replicate groups of small-sized (86.3–94.4 g total weight; 44.1–46.6 mm carapace length (CL)) Panulirus ornatus were subjected to three experimental treatments: unablated/control, unilateral and bilateral eyestalk ablation. Only animals which were initially at the intermolt stage were used in the experiments. The average food conversion efficiency (12–17%) and monthly growth rates of bilaterally ablated lobsters, based on both total weight (42.0–64.0 g) and carapace length (6.7–7.0 mm CL) increments, were significantly higher than lobsters in the two other treatments during the first 2 months of the experiment but declined thereafter. At the end of the experiment, only 6% of the bilaterally ablated lobsters (n = 48) survived compared with 73% and 75% for unilaterally ablated and unablated lobsters, respectively. The extreme sensitivity of bilaterally ablated lobsters to water quality and diet renders bilateral ablation impractical for commercial growout culture. The high survivorship and generally higher growth rates of unilaterally ablated lobsters compared with unablated lobsters resulted in the highest gross yield among the three treatments. The results indicate that unilateral ablation may be a viable option to consider in accelerating the growth of small juvenile P. ornatus to a marketable size of 200–300 g.
Fisheries Administrative Order No. 198: Series of 2000. Rules and regulations on commercial fishing.
(Department of Agriculture, 2000-02-23)
Defending Philippine maritime territory and marine resources: Initiatives and problems
Carranza, Ruben R., Jr. (Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development, 2002)
The significance of the Philippines' maritime territory and the complexities of its defense are examined. The speaker highlights the integral role of the country's waters in trade, food security, and resource provision. Challenges, including naval limitations and maritime intrusions, are presented, followed by a discussion of defense strategies like selective sea control. The speech concludes with a call for decisive policy actions, diplomatic solutions to territorial conflicts, and improved capabilities to safeguard the nation's maritime interests.
Ocean mapping and other marine activities of the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA)
Carandang, Efren P. (Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development, 2002)
This paper describes the various marine activities being undertaken by the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) pursuant to its mandate as the central surveying, mapping and resource information agency of the government. NAMRIA gathers marine data through periodic hydrographic and oceanographic surveys and remote sensing techniques, and publishes the results in the form of nautical charts, bathymetric maps and other thematic maps. It also creates marine geographic information systems and databases. As steward of the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), the agency participates in international oceanographic data exchange programs, and also serves the marine data and information needs of the local marine science community. NAMRIA's data collection capability got a big boost with the acquisition this year of two multi-disciplinary survey vessels with state-of-the-art systems. With these vessels as platforms, NAMRIA will embark on the comprehensive charting of the Exclusive Economic Zone, and collaborate with the different marine science agencies in the conduct of multi-disciplinary oceanographic cruises.
Fisheries Administrative Order No. 225: Series of 2007. Allowing the importation of the broodstock of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei and the culture of the offspring thereof.
(Department of Agriculture, 2007-01-08)
Fisheries Administrative Order No. 225-1: Series of 2007. Guidelines for the importation and culture of the Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei).
(Department of Agriculture, 2007-01-08)
Fisheries Administrative Order No. 226: Series of 2008. Regulation on the mesh size of tuna purse seine nets and trading of small tuna.
(Department of Agriculture, 2008-08-01)
This Administrative Order, consisting of 6 Sections, establishes the Regulation on the Mesh Size of Tuna Purse Seine Nets and Trading of Small Tuna. The following management and conservation measures to prescribe the mesh size of tuna purse seine nets in catching tuna and regulation on the trading of small tuna are promulgated to prohibit to any person, association, cooperative, partnership or corporation to operate tuna purse seine nets with mesh size smaller than 3.5 inches (8.89 cm) at the bag or bunt portion in catching tuna. It shall be unlawful also to trade small tuna caught beyond the bycatch ceiling. Violation of Section 2 of this order shall subject the offender to a fine of from 2,000.00 to 20,000.00 Pesos or imprisonment from six months to two years or both such fine and imprisonment at the discretion of the court; the boat captain and the master fisherman may also be subject to the penalties provided; the owner/operator of the commercial fishing vessel who violates this provision shall be subjected to the same penalties; the Department is empowered to impose upon the offender an administrative fine and/or cancel the fishing licence.
Fisheries Administrative Order No. 225-3: Series of 2008. Amending Section 1 of Fisheries Administrative Order No. 225-1 Series of 2007 as follows:
(Department of Agriculture, 2008-11-20)
Fisheries Administrative Order No. 225-2: Series of 2008. Amending Sections 2 and Section 3 of Fisheries Administative Order No. 225 Series of 2007 and providing for additional provision under Section 2 hereof.
(Department of Agriculture, 2008-11-20)
Fisheries Administrative Order No. 228: Series of 2008. Rules governing the organization and implementation of official controls on fishery and aquatic products intended for export to the EU market for human consumption.
(Department of Agriculture, 2008-11-20)
Fisheries Administrative Order No. 227: Series of 2008. Rules and regulations governing the export of fish and aquatic products to European Union member countries.
(Department of Agriculture, 2008-11-20)
This Order, consisting of 11 articles, establishes Rules and Regulations governing the Export of Fish and Live Aquatic Animals Products to European Member Countries. This Order lays down specific rules on the hygiene of processed and unprocessed FA products for business operators intending to export their products to the EU for human consumption. Unless specifically stated to the contrary, this Order does not apply to processed foods containing both products of plant origin and processed FA products. However, any processed FA products used to prepare such foods must be obtained and handled in accordance with the requirements of this Order. This Order must apply without prejudice to the general requirements of Republic Act No 8550, Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998, and the following FAOs as applied to the harvesting, production, preparation and processing of FA products for domestic or non-EU markets: The Fishery and Aquaculture Business Operator Responsibilities (FABO) must comply with the requirements of the relevant provisions of the PD 856 - Code of Sanitation of the Philippines - and such additional provisions of this Order that are required by EU legislation from time to time in force. FABO must also comply with the relevant provisions in Chapters I to V of the Implementing Code of Practice for this Order ("The Code of GMP for Business Operators Exporting FA Products from the Philippines to the EU, 2008") and take all steps necessary to meet the food safety objectives set by this Order. In addition, FABO must ensure that all processed FA products exported to the EU comply with all relevant EU food safety legislation, in particular that relating to: (i) specified maximum levels for certain contaminants such as histamine, heavy metals, dioxins and PCB-like materials, and poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, set out in Chapter III, Section II, Part VII of the Code of Practice referred to in paragraph 2; (ii) microbiological criteria; (iii) permitted veterinary drugs and maximum residues arising from their use; (iv) food contact materials; and (v) permitted food additives and their conditions of use.
Fisheries Administrative Order No. 230: Series of 2009. Allowing the importation and culture of the broodstock and post-larvae of Specific Pathogen Free / Specific Pathogen Resistant (SPF/SPR) Black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon and the culture of the offspring thereof.
(Department of Agriculture, 2009-12-03)
Fisheries Administrative Order No. 237: Series of 2010. Regulations requiring the installment of Juvenile and Trashfish Excluder Device (JTED) in trawls in Philippine waters.
(Department of Agriculture, 2010-10-29)
This Administrative Order, consisting of seven sections, establishes the Regulations Requiring the Installment of Juvenile and Trash Fish Excluder Device (JTED) in Trawls in Philippine Waters. This Order shall cover all commercial trawls in Philippine waters and prohibits for any person to operate fishing vessels using trawl nets, including all variations and modification of trawls without V12 or H15 JTEDs in Philippine waters. The construction and installation specifications are indicated in the attached device assembly technical data sheets, and shall be a requirement for the issuance of Commercial Fishing Vessel Gear License (CFVGL). Persons, associations, cooperatives, partnerships or corporations engaged in trawl fishing shall be given a period of three months from the effectivity of this Order to conform and/or comply with. The operator, boat captain or three highest officers of the boat who violates this Order shall upon conviction be punished by a fine equivalent to the value of catch or P10,000.00 Pesos whichever is higher, and imprisonment of six months, confiscation of catch and fishing gears, and automatic revocation of license.
Fisheries Administrative Order No. 245: Series of 2012. Regulations and implementing guidelines on group tuna purse seine operations in high seas pocket number 1 as a special management area.
(Department of Agriculture, 2012)
The Order provides for conservation, management and sustainable producing bigeye, yellowfin, skipjack tuna stocks in the high seas and exclusive economic zones within the framework of International Convention on the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean and adapted local resolutions in the Philippines. This Administrative Order covers the registered traditional group seine fishing vessels granted access to the HSP1-SMA which is the area of the high seas bounded by the EEZs of the named Federated States in the Order with exact coordination by Vessel Monitoring System. The Order provides for compliance to the criteria and procedures in the allocation of fishing access listed in Section 3 among others referring to issues of tonnage of vessel, fishing vessel registration, catch documentary compliance, no criminal record identification, letter of intent, preliminary list and allocation. The Order further provides for observer coverage, vessel monitoring system, reporting, vessel listing, monitoring of port landings, catch limit, net mesh size, use of fish aggregating device (FAD), nature of access right and penalties. The Order consists of 17 Articles.
Fisheries Administrative Order No. 241: Series of 2012. Regulations and implementation of the Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) in the high seas.
(Department of Agriculture, 2012)