00. Ocean Decade - Philippines
Permanent URI for this communityhttps://repository.unesco.gov.ph/handle/123456789/7
The UNACOM Online and Digital Enabling Library and Index is developed to support the alignment of research, investments, and community initiatives toward contributing to a well-functioning, productive, resilient, sustainable, and inspiring ocean. The goal is to enable the government, partner agencies, and UNESCO to develop more robust Science-Informed Policies and facilitate a stronger Science-Policy Interface through the gathered data, information, and knowledge related to the Ocean Decade in the Philippines.
Particularly, it aims to:
Particularly, it aims to:
- Gather and index all publications, reports, policies, laws, legislations, articles, and other documents of the Philippine National Committee on Marine Sciences (NCMS) related to the Ocean Decade.
- Disseminate and promote these publications, reports, policies, and other documents on the initiatives and actions to address the Ocean Decade challenges.
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- Two hidden mtDNA-clades of crown-of-thorns starfish in the Pacific OceanYasuda, Nina; Inoue, Jun; Hall, Michael R.; Nair, Manoj R.; Adjeroud, Mehdi; Fortes, Miguel D.; Nishida, Mutsumi; Tuivavalagi, Nat; Ravago-Gotanco, Rachel; Forsman, Zac H.; Soliman, Taha; Koyanagi, Ryo; Hisata, Kanako; Motti, Cherie A.; Satoh, Noriyuki (Frontiers Media SA, 2022-04-27)Recurring outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS) severely damage healthy corals, especially in the Western Pacific Ocean. To obtain a better understanding of population genetics of COTS and historical colonization across the Pacific Ocean, complete mitochondrial genomes were sequenced from 243 individuals collected in 11 reef regions. Our results indicate that Pacific COTS (Acanthaster cf. solaris) comprise two major clades, an East-Central Pacific (ECP) clade and a Pan-Pacific (PP) clade, separation of which was supported by high bootstrap value. The ECP clade consists of COTS from French Polynesia, Fiji, Vanuatu and the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). The Hawaii population is unique within this clade, while California COTS are included in EPC clade. On the other hand, the PP clade comprises multiple lineages that contain COTS from Vietnam, the Philippines, Japan, Papua New Guinea, Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, GBR, Vanuatu, Fiji and French Polynesia. For example, a lineage of the PP clade, which has the largest geographic distribution, includes COTS from all of these locations. These results suggest two alternative histories of current geographic distributions of COTS in the Pacific Ocean, an ECP clade ancestry or Western Pacific clade ancestry. Although further questions remain to be explored, this discovery provides an evolutionary context for the interpretation of COTS population structure which will aid future coral reef research in the Pacific Ocean, and ultimately improve reef management of COTS.We thank the following people for their help with sample collection: Dr. Hugh Sweatman and the AIMS Bioresources Library for GBR samples, Dr. Molly Timmers for Hawaiian samples, Geoff Jones and Jeff Kinch for Papua New Guinean samples, Monal Lal for Fijian samples, Christina Shaw for Vanuatu samples, Hoang Dinh Chieu for Vietnamese samples, and Hiromitsu Ueno for Japanese samples. The DNA Sequencing Section and IT section of OIST are acknowledged for its expert help with genome sequencing and bioinfomatic analysis. Last, but not least, we acknowledge the traditional owners of the lands and sea country on which this research took place.
- Strong genetic structure and limited gene flow among populations of the tropical seagrass Thalassia hemprichii in the PhilippinesNakajima, Yuichi; Matsuki, Yu; Fortes, Miguel D.; Uy, Wilfredo H.; Campos, Wilfredo L.; Nadaoka, Kazuo; Lian, Chunlan (MDPI AG, 2023-02-05)Seagrasses are marine angiosperms, and seagrass beds maintain the species diversity of tropical and subtropical coastal ecosystems. For proper understanding, management and conservation of coastal ecosystems, it is essential to understand seagrass population dynamics. Population genetic studies can cover large geographic scales and contribute to a comprehensive understanding of reproductive dynamics and potential dispersal among locations. The clonal and genetic diversity and genetic connectivity of Thalassia hemprichii in the Philippines were estimated by a population genetics approach. The geographic scale of this study has a direct distance of approximately 1600 km. Although high clonal diversity was found in some sites (R = 0.07–1.00), both sexual and asexual reproduction generally maintains separate populations. Genetic diversity is not definitely correlated with latitude, and genetic differentiation is significant in all pairs of sites (FST = 0.026–0.744). Complex genetic structure was found in some regions, even at a fine geographic scale. The migration of fruits and seedlings was elucidated as an infrequent and stochastic event. These results suggest the necessity for the conservation of this species due to a deficiency in migrants from external regions.We thank members of CECAM project.
- Genetic connectivity and diversity between tropical and subtropical populations of the tropical horned sea star Protoreaster nodosus in the northwest PacificNakajima, Yuichi; Yasuda, Nina; Matsuki, Yu; Arriesgado, Dan M.; Fortes, Miguel D.; Uy, Wilfredo H.; Campos, Wilfredo L.; Nadaoka, Kazuo; Lian, Chunlan (Springer, 2024-06-01)Seagrass beds are ecologically and economically important coastal ecosystems, and seagrass-associated organisms are a key part of their biodiversity. Marine organisms that reproduce through broadcast spawning are likely to have less genetic differentiation among populations than those that use other modes of reproduction, but this has not been well studied. Here, we investigated the genetic diversity, genetic differentiation, and migration patterns of the seagrass-associated sea star Protoreaster nodosus across 12 sites spanning approximately 2500 km from the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan, to the Philippines. We genotyped 405 individuals by using seven microsatellite loci and analyzed allelic richness and expected heterozygosity as indices of genetic diversity. Of these two indices, only expected heterozygosity decreased slightly with increasing latitude. These results suggest that genetic diversity has not clearly decreased, even in the isolated Ryukyu Archipelago populations. Geographic distance was significantly correlated with genetic differentiation (pairwise FST: − 0.005 to 0.049). However, populations in the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Philippines showed relatively low genetic structuring and the pairwise genetic differentiation between these regions was often non-significant. Analysis of historical migration rates showed bidirectional north–south migration, which appears to be influenced by the Kuroshio Current and its countercurrents.We thank members of the project ‘Coastal Ecosystem Conservation and Adaptive Management under Local and Global Environmental Impacts in the Philippines’ (CECAM project: https://sites.google.com/view/cecam-project).
- Hydrodynamics rather than type of coastline shapes self‐recruitment in anemonefishesSato, Masaaki; Honda, Kentaro; Nakamura, Yohei; Bernardo, Lawrence Patrick C.; Bolisay, Klenthon O.; Yamamoto, Takahiro; Herrera, Eugene C.; Nakajima, Yuichi; Lian, Chunlan; Uy, Wilfredo H.; Fortes, Miguel D.; Nadaoka, Kazuo; Nakaoka, Masahiro (Wiley, 2023-07-25)Many marine species have a pelagic larval phase that undergo dispersal among habitats. Studies on marine larval dispersal have revealed a large variation in the spatial scale of dispersal and self-recruitment. However, few studies have investigated the influence of types of coastline (e.g., bay vs. open coast) on marine larval dispersal. Bays or lagoons generally enhance the retention of larvae, while larvae are more likely to be flushed by strong currents in open coasts. To examine associations between larval dispersal, coastline type, and hydrodynamics, we compared fin-scale dispersal patterns, self-recruitment, and local retention (LR) of two anemonefishes (Amphiprion frenatus and Amphiprion perideraion) between a semi-enclosed bay and an open coast in the Philippines combining genetic parentage analysis and biophysical dispersal modeling. Contrary to our expectations, parentage analysis revealed lower estimates of self-recruitment in the semi-closed bay (0%) than in the open coast (14–15%). The result was consistent with dispersal simulations predicting lower LR and self-recruitment in the semi-closed bay (0.4% and 19%) compared to the open coast (2.9% and 38%). Dispersal modeling also showed that cross-shore currents toward offshore were much stronger around the semi-closed bay and were negatively correlated with LR and self-recruitment. These results suggest that stronger cross-shore currents around the semi-closed bay transport anemonefish larvae to the offshore and mainly contributed to the lower self-recruitment. Our results highlight importance of hydrodynamics on larval dispersal and difficulty in predicting self-recruitment from coastline type alone.
- Growth rates and primary production of Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) royle from Lag-it, North Bais Bay, the PhilippinesEstacion, Janet S.; Fortes, Miguel D. (Elsevier, 1988-01)The growth rates and primary production of the leaves of Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle at Lag-it, North Bais Bay, The Philippines, were studied from August 1982 to August 1983. Randomized complete block design showed that both rates are considerably influenced by the composite effect of spatial and temporal factors. Similarly, both are markedly bimodal. Mean growth rate was 0.93 cm day−1, with peaks in September–October and May, with lowest values in November–January. Mean production was 0.92 g C m−2 day−1, with peaks in October and March–May (Station 2) and December (Station 1) and lowest values in December (Station 2) and in June (Station 1). Growth rates significantly increased with a decrease in the percent of time the seagrass beds were exposed to air and sun in the daytime (r=−0.69), while it increased with the number of daylight hours (r=0.72). Production showed no significant correlation with either factor. Mean turnover time for the seagrass was 67 days, producing 5.5 crops annually.
- Seagrass-mangrove ecosystems management: A key to marine coastal conservation in the ASEAN regionFortes, Miguel D. (Elsevier, 1991-01)Seagrass beds and mangrove forests are intimately linked by functional interactive processes which are as yet little understood. These high-order interactions form a major basis which justifies an integrated management scheme for the two ecosystems. However, while dominating enclosed coastal areas in the ASEAN region, seagrass and mangrove habitats are being degraded and destroyed at an alarming rate, raising serious doubt on their capacity for biological sustainability and normal recovery within this generation. An integrated approach towards seagrass and mangrove ecosystems management in the ASEAN region is discussed within a framework of known ecological principles. Recommendations are made for the conservation and sustainable use of the ecosystems and their resources.
- 17-year change in species composition of mixed seagrass beds around Santiago Island, Bolinao, the northwestern PhilippinesTanaka, Yoshiyuki; Go, Gay Amabelle; Watanabe, Atsushi; Miyajima, Toshihiro; Nakaoka, Masahiro; Uy, Wilfredo H.; Nadaoka, Kazuo; Watanabe, Shuichi; Fortes, Miguel D. (Elsevier, 2014)Effects of fish culture can alter the adjacent ecosystems. This study compared seagrass species compositions in 2012 with those in 1995, when fish culture was less intensive compared to 2012 in the region. Observations were conducted at the same four sites around Santiago Island, Bolinao: (1) Silaqui Island, (2) Binaballian Loob, (3) Pislatan and (4) Santa Barbara, and by using the same methods as those of Bach et al. (1998). These sites were originally selected along a siltation gradient, ranging from Site 1, the most pristine, to Site 4, a heavily silted site. By 2012, fish culture had expanded around Sites 2, 3 and 4, where chlorophyll a (Chl a) was greater in 2012 than in 1995 by one order of magnitude. Enhalus acoroides and Cymodocea serrulata, which were recorded in 1995, were no longer present at Site 4, where both siltation and nutrient load are heavy.