Journal Articles - UP - MSI
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- Associated effects of shading on the behavior, growth, and survival of Stichopus cf. horrens juvenilesRioja, Rose Angeli; Palomar-Abesamis, Nadia; Juinio–Meñez, Marie Antonette (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2021-07-07)Stichopus cf. horrens is an emergent culture species. It is known to be nocturnal and negatively phototactic; hence, determining its behavioral and growth responses to different light regimes is essential in optimizing culture protocols. This study examined the interactive effects of shading and relative food availability on the feeding pattern, absolute growth rates, and survival of juvenile S. cf. horrens. Six-month-old juveniles (4.27 to 19.41 g) were reared in replicate aquaria with three different shading treatments (covered, exposed, and half-covered aquaria) under ambient light conditions for 30 days. Juveniles in the exposed treatment with high microalgal biomass (13.44 ± 4.57 mg/g) had the highest growth rates (0.10 ± 0.05 g/day) but also the highest mortality (50%). In contrast, juveniles in the covered treatment had the lowest growth (−0.07 ± 0.03 g/day) but the highest survival (100%). Growth rates in the half-covered treatment were comparable with the exposed, and survival was higher than in the covered treatment. These indicate a trade-off between growth associated with more food and mortality risks due to light-induced stress. Juveniles in the half-covered treatment showed a significant preference to stay in the shaded portion whenever they were inactive during the day, suggesting avoidance to high light intensities (4726.51 ± 1582.43 Lux). Results of this study suggest that careful calibration of light intensities in nursery systems may help enhance juvenile growth. For indoor systems that may have limited space or surfaces for microalgal growth, cultured benthic diatom can be added to the partially covered tanks to increase the food available for the juveniles.
- Sargassum sp. juice as an early juvenile supplemental feed for Stichopus cf. horrensIbañez, Glaiza; Cabanayan-Soy, Rona; Baure, Jerwin; Juinio-Meñez, Marie Antonette (Springer, 2022-09-28)The development of an efficient and low-cost feed is important to reduce the production and maintenance costs of microalgae. In this study, two experiments were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using Sargassum sp. juice (SARG) to boost the growth and survival of post-settled Stichopus cf. horrens juveniles. Experiment 1 tested whether SARG improves growth compared with live microalgae diets, Chaetoceros calcitrans (Cc), combined Cc and Navicula ramosissima (Nr), and an unfed treatment. Experiment 2 determined the best SARG concentration—high feeding regime (HFR; 1 mL ind−1), medium (MFR; 0.5 mL ind−1), or low (LFR; 0.25 ml ind−1), relative to live microalgae Chaetoceros muelleri (CM). Juveniles in both experiments were reared for 30 days. In Experiment 1, the average daily growth rate (DGRL) of juveniles in SARG (0.04 ± 0.01 cm d−1) was the highest although not significantly different from Cc and Cc + Nr, but was significantly higher than the control. In Experiment 2, DGRL at day 14 in HFR (− 0.02 ± 0.02 cm d−1) was significantly lower than LFR (0.01 ± 0.01 cm d−1) and MFR (0.02 ± 0.02 cm d−1). Survival was higher in all SARG treatments compared with CM, while a significant decrease in feeding activity was observed in HFR by day 30. Results indicate that concentrations of 0.25–0.5 mL SARG per juvenile can boost growth and be an alternate diet for post-settled juveniles during early rearing. However, SARG alone is not sufficient to maintain growth beyond 3 weeks. With SARG feed supplementation and water quality management, the scaling-up of juvenile production of this emergent culture species can be accelerated.Our sincere gratitude to Mr. Tirso Catbagan and Mr. Garry Bucol for their assistance in the set-up of the experiments. We also thank Ms. Rose Angeli Rioja and Ms. JayR Gorospe for providing inputs to improve this paper. We also thank the Sea cucumber Research Team and the staff of the University of the Philippines—Marine Science Institute, Bolinao Marine Laboratory for their support and assistance during the conduct of the study.
- Physicochemical and biochemical characterization of collagen from Stichopus cf. horrens tissues for use as stimuli-responsive thin filmsSisican, Kim Marie D.; Torreno, Vicenzo Paolo M.; Yu, Eizadora T.; Conato, Marlon T. (American Chemical Society, 2023-09-20)The mutable collagenous tissue (MCT) of sea cucumber, with its ability to rapidly change its stiffness and extensibility in response to different environmental stress conditions, serves as inspiration for the design of new smart functional biomaterials. Collagen, extracted from the body wall of Stichopus cf. horrens, a species commonly found in the Philippines, was characterized for its suitability as stimuli-responsive films. Protein BLAST search showed the presence of sequences commonly found in type VII and IX collagen, suggesting that Stichopus horrens collagen is heterotypic. The maximum transition temperature recorded was 56.0 ± 2 °C, which is higher than those of other known sources of marine collagen. This suggests that S. horrens collagen has better thermal stability and durability. Collagen-based thin films were then prepared, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging showed the visible collagen network comprising the films. The thin films were subjected to thermomechanical analysis with degradation starting at >175 °C. At 100–150 °C, the collagen-based films apparently lose their translucency due to the removal of moisture. Upon exposure to ambient temperature, instead of degrading, the films were able to revert to the original state due to the readsorption of moisture. This study is a demonstration of a smart biomaterial developed from S. cf. horrens collagen with potential applications in food, pharmaceutical, biomedical, and other collagen-based research.This research was funded by the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST-PCAARRD).
- Comprehensive metabolomics of Philippine Stichopus cf. horrens reveals diverse classes of valuable small molecules for biomedical applicationsTorreno, Vicenzo Paolo M.; Molino, Ralph John Emerson J.; Junio, Hiyas A.; Yu, Eizadora T. (Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2023-12-06)Stichopus cf. horrens is an economically important sea cucumber species in Southeast Asia due to their presumed nutritional and medicinal benefits. However, compared to other sea cucumbers such as Apostichopus japonicus, there are no biochemical studies on which compounds contribute to the purported bioactivities of S. cf. horrens. To address this, a high-throughput characterization of the global metabolite profile of the species was performed through LC-MS/MS experiments and utilizing open-access platforms such as GNPS, XCMS, and metaboAnalyst. Bioinformatics-based molecular networking and chemometrics revealed the abundance of phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholines (PCs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), phosphatidylinositols (PIs), and phosphatidylserines (PSs) in the crude samples. Body wall extracts were observed to have higher levels of structural, diacylated PCs, while the viscera have higher relative abundance of single-tail PCs and PEs that could be involved in digestion via nutrient absorption and transport for sea cucumbers. PEs and sphingolipids could also be implicated in the ecological response and morphological transformations of S. cf. horrens in the presence of predatory and other environmental stress. Interestingly, terpenoid glycosides and saponins with reported anti-cancer benefits were significantly localized in the body wall. The sulfated alkanes and sterols present in S. cf. horrens bear similarity to known kairomones and other signaling molecules. All in all, the results provide a baseline metabolomic profile of S. cf. horrens that may further be used for comparative and exploratory studies and suggest the untapped potential of S. cf. horrens as a source of bioactive molecules.The authors would like to thank the Marine Invertebrate Ecology Laboratory under Dr. Marie Antonette Juinio-Meñez for the collection and maintenance of animals, and the Mass Spectrometry Facility at the Institute of Chemistry, UP Diliman for instrument use.
- Pseudocryptic diversity and species boundaries in the sea cucumber Stichopus cf. horrens (Echinodermata: Stichopodidae) revealed by mitochondrial and microsatellite markersLizano, Apollo Marco D.; Kim, Kenneth M.; Juinio-Meñez, Marie Antonette; Ravago-Gotanco, Rachel (Nature Research, 2024)Morphologically cryptic and pseudo-cryptic species pose a challenge to taxonomic identification and assessments of species diversity and distributions. Such is the case for the sea cucumber Stichopus horrens, commonly confused with Stichopus monotuberculatus. Here, we used mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and microsatellite markers to examine genetic diversity in Stichopus cf. horrens throughout the Philippine archipelago, to aid species identification and clarify species boundaries. Phylogenetic analysis reveals two recently diverged COI lineages (Clade A and Clade B; c. 1.35–2.54 Mya) corresponding to sequence records for specimens identified as S. monotuberculatus and S. horrens, respectively. Microsatellite markers reveal two significantly differentiated genotype clusters broadly concordant with COI lineages (Cluster 1, Cluster 2). A small proportion of individuals were identified as later-generation hybrids indicating limited contemporary gene flow between genotype clusters, thus confirming species boundaries. Morphological differences in papillae distribution and form are observed for the two species, however tack-like spicules from the dorsal papillae are not a reliable diagnostic character. An additional putative cryptic species was detected within Clade B-Cluster 2 specimens warranting further examination. We propose that these lineages revealed by COI and genotype data be referred to as Stichopus cf. horrens species complex. © The Author(s) 2024.