Challenge 09: Skills, knowledge, and technology for all
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.unesco.gov.ph/handle/123456789/26
Ocean Decade
Challenge 09:
Skills, knowledge, and technology for all
Ensure comprehensive capacity development and equitable access to data, information, knowledge and technology across all aspects of ocean science and for all stakeholders.
Browse
73 results
Search Results
- Elevated seawater temperatures affect embryonic and larval development in the giant clam Tridacna gigas (Cardiidae: Tridacninae)Enricuso, Odette B.; Conaco, Cecilia; Sayco, Sherry Lyn G.; Neo, Mei Lin; Cabaitan, Patrick (Oxford Academic, 2018-11-17)Giant clams are the largest bivalve molluscs and play a key role in coral reef ecosystems. Almost all species are considered endangered or vulnerable to extinction, thus requiring intervention through culturing and restocking. Although successful culture techniques have been developed, the responses of giant clam embryos and larvae to environmental factors, such as seawater temperature, are not yet fully understood. In this study, fertilization, development and survival of Tridacna gigas larvae were observed at low (28 °C), medium (30 °C) and high (33 °C) seawater temperatures. Fertilization success was not significantly different between the water temperatures tested. At 28 °C, ciliated gastrulae appeared first at 12 h postfertilization (hpf) and trochophore larvae at 24 hpf. In contrast, more rapid development was observed at 30 °C and 33 °C, with ciliated gastrulae first appearing at 9 hpf and trochophore larvae at 18 hpf. Veliger larvae were observed after 48 h at 28 °C and 30 °C. No veligers were observed at 33 °C, but a greater proportion of embryos and larvae exhibited developmental abnormalities at this temperature compared with the other treatments. Larval survival was lowest at 33 °C at the 12 and 24 h timepoints, although there was no longer a significant difference across treatments after 48 h. Furthermore, post-settlement survival of juveniles subjected to different seawater temperatures for 22 d starting at 8 d postfertilization (dpf) was lowest at 33 °C. These findings reveal that higher water temperatures promote rapid progression through early development, but result in lower overall survival as a consequence of abnormal development and reduced post-settlement survival.The authors acknowledge Julio Curiano and the staff of the Bolinao Marine Laboratory for assistance with experiments. This work was supported in part by the University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute; a grant from the National Geographic Society (ASIA-08-15) to PCC; a grant from the Department of Science and Technology Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (QMSR-MRRD-MEC-295-1449) to PCC and CC; and a Department of Science and Technology Science Education Institute graduate scholarship to OBE. MLN acknowledges the support of the National Research Foundation Singapore for research at the St John’s Island National Marine Laboratory.
- Fisheries Administrative Order No. 161: Series of 1986. Revised rules and regulations governing the issuance of lease for pearl culture.(Department of Agriculture, 1991-07-28)
- Status of maritime education in the PhilippinesAlcala, Angel C. (Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development (PCAMRD), 2002)The problems and issues of maritime education in the Philippines and the responses of CHED to these problems and issues are discussed. It is important that the quality of the academic and skills training of our seafarers be improved to meet the world’s standards in order to maintain our competitive edge in the global market and to ensure that the Philippines is included in the International Maritime Organization’s "white list”. CHED has formulated strategies, policies and standards toward this end.
- Improvement and technology transfer of the Parañaque-type solar salt making technology for industrial salt productionDominguez, Leonora G. (Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development, 2002)A study on the improvement of the Parahaque type solar salt making technology was undertaken to develop and establish a practical, inexpensive and effective method of producing high quality salt. As an initial step, a survey was conducted by the Chemical Research Department (now CMD) of NIST (now ITDI) on the prevailing practices and status of the existing solar salt making technology in Metro Manila and nearby provinces. Interviews with salt workers and salt work owners including local officials were conducted. Assessments of local saltworks and salt making practices were made; problems of the industry were identified and areas for technology innovation and/or improvement were determined. Samples of solar salt products were taken for analysis. Recommendations were made and subsequently appropriate actions were taken to help promote the improvement and development of the local solar salt making industry. For two successive salt making seasons, a team of NIST researchers introduced and applied the scientific method for solar salt making in a typical one-hectare saltwork located in Bacoor, Cavite. Appropriate brine management and process control measures were devised and eventually practical experience was acquired. Data were gathered for assessment. The salt products as analyzed meet the specifications for industrial grade salt. Encouraged by the results obtained from the two demonstration saltworks, the improved solar salt making technology was subsequently applied during three successive salt making seasons in five privately owned saltworks as a technology transfer and joint R&D undertaking. This application of the ITDI technology was done side by side with the traditional salt making process of the respective saltworks. Production data gathered from both technologies were compared; representative samples of both crude and ITDI salt products were analyzed and the quality compared. The Parañaque type solar salt making technology can be improved to produce industrial grade salt through the application of the ITDI improved method. As shown from the results of the experiments which were done in comparison with the traditional method on a one to one crystallizer basis, the salt yield can be more than doubled; and since the product is of high quality and meets the requirements for industrial salt, its selling price can be 3 to 4 times higher compared to the traditional crude solar salt product. Consequently, the income that can be derived using the ITDI improved technology can possibly be increased by 6 to 8 times.
- The Philippine shipbuilding and ship repair industry situation report 1997Maritime Industry Authority (Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development, 2002)This report presents a comprehensive overview of the Philippine shipbuilding and ship repair (SBSR) industry as of 1997, prepared by the Maritime Industry Authority (MARINA). As an archipelagic nation dependent on maritime transport for 95% of its cargo and passenger movement, the Philippines requires a strong SBSR sector to support its domestic and international fleet. The report details the industry’s profile, including 253 licensed enterprises with facilities concentrated in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, and a workforce of nearly 35,000 skilled and technical personnel. It highlights the dominance of foreign-assisted large shipyards, the rise of ship construction for both domestic use and export, and the central role of ship repair activities due to regulatory requirements and regional demand. Issues such as low local demand for newbuildings, reliance on imported secondhand ships, inadequate ancillary industries, outdated facilities, and manpower challenges are discussed. Government policies, investment incentives, and private sector initiatives are outlined to address these constraints. Finally, the report emphasizes growth prospects in shipbuilding, repair, and shipbreaking, underscoring the industry’s potential to achieve international competitiveness through modernization, foreign partnerships, and research and development.
- Ocean energy and its potential use in the PhilippinesElauria, Jessie C. (Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development, 2002)Ocean energy systems are energy systems which make use of the tremendous potential of the oceans and seas - as a result of a great percentage of solar radiation falling on the earth’s surface collected and stored in them. This energy resource creates an energy potential a hundred times more than our present needs. There are four types of ocean energy systems that are considered for development in the Philippines, namely: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Systems, Tidal Power Systems, Wave Energy Systems, and Ocean Current Systems. The biggest obstacle in utilizing this energy resource in the Philippines is the substantial engineering development required to make the scheme. The feasibility of using these energy sources has already been demonstrated in various parts of the world. In the Philippines initial works have already been made to tap the private sector in the development of these technologies. The implementation of Executive Order No. 462 (enabling private sector participation in the exploration, utilization, development and commercialization of ocean, solar and wind energy resources) which was issued last December 1997 would pave the way for the full-scale development of ocean energy.
- A perspective on Philippine seabed explorationTumonong, Malyn M. L.; Quebral, Ramon D. (Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development, 2002)The issues and challenges currently facing the mineral industry led to the shift in its operating principles. Primary of which is the establishment of Sustainable Mining and Best Practice in environmental management. Corollary to these would be the search for alternative solutions to major and prevalent issues. Seabed exploration, consequently leading to seabed mining is one alternative. Seabed exploration is a relatively young scientific endeavor in the country. Initiated in the early seventies by the then Bureau of Mines and Geosciences, most of its activities were concentrated near or along coastal areas. The lack of a legal framework and advancement in technology and methodology proved to be a hindrance to its open and wider acceptability as an option in mineral resource development Notwithstanding these impediments, the other resulting contributions from seabed exploratory data proved to be the significant supplement to geoscientific studies and technology advancements. These and the fact that the Philippines is a highly endowed country are enough reasons to sustain and develop Philippine seabed exploration.
- The mapping of storm surge-prone areas and characterizing surge-producing cyclones in Leyte Gulf, PhilippinesRodrigo, Soccoro Margarita T.; Villanoy, Cesar L.; Briones, Jeric C.; Bilgera, Princess Hope T.; Cabrera, Olivia C.; Narisma, Gemma Teresa T. (Springer Nature Link, 2018-03-15)Historically, Leyte Gulf in central eastern Philippines has received catastrophic damage due to storm surges, the most recent of which was during Typhoon Haiyan in 2013. A city-level risk assessment was performed on Leyte Gulf through synthetic storm generation, high-resolution ocean modeling, and decision tree analyses. Cyclones were generated through a combination of a Poisson point process and Monte Carlo simulations. Wind and pressure fields generated from the cyclones were used in a storm surge model of Leyte Gulf developed on Delft3D. The output of these simulations was a synthetic record of extreme sea level events, which were used to estimate maximum surge heights for different return periods and to characterize surge-producing storm characteristics using decision tree analyses. The results showed that the area most prone to surges is the Tacloban–Basey area with a 2.8 ± 0.3 m surge occurring at a frequency of every 50 years. Nearby Palo area will likely receive a surge of 1.9 ± 0.4 m every 50 years while Giporlos–Salcedo area a surge of 1.0 ± 0.1 m. The decision tree analysis performed for each of these areas showed that for surges of 3–4 m, high-velocity winds (> 30 m/s) are consistently the main determining factor. For the areas, Tacloban, Basey, and Giporlos–Salcedo, wind speed was also the main determining factor for surge > 4 m.Funding was provided by the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development, Department of Science and Technology (DOST-PCAARRD). We thank the reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions.
- Local marine reservoir age variability at Luzon Strait in the South China Sea during the HoloceneHirabayashi, Shoko; Yokoyama, Yusuke; Suzuki, Atsushi; Esat, Tezer; Miyairi, Yosuke; Aze, Takahiro; Siringan, Fernando; Maeda, Yasuo (Elsevier, 2019-09-15)Here, we report new estimates of local marine radiocarbon reservoir ages from northwestern Luzon Island in the Philippines, on the east side of the South China Sea. Data for two periods, through the 1940’s and the mid-Holocene, were derived from modern and fossil corals. Our results from Luzon Island show variable ΔR values, from −39 ± 25 to 337 ± 27 14C yr over the past 6000 years and highlight the importance of understanding temporal ΔR changes to obtain accurate radiocarbon dates for mid-Holocene samples. An abrupt shift in ΔR at ∼5.5 ka BP, in the east side of the South China Sea, can be attributed to changes in the intensity of the upwelling, in the eastern Pacific, and to the East Asian Monsoon. Additional reservoir age data from the Pacific is likely to reveal details of oceanographic and climate changes at this time.
- Copper pollution exacerbates the effects of ocean acidification and warming on kelp microscopic early life stagesLeal, Pablo P.; Hurd, Catriona L.; Sander, Sylvia G.; Armstrong, Evelyn; Fernández, Pamela A.; Suhrhoff, Tim Jesper; Rolenda, Michael Y. (Nature, 2018-10-03)Ocean warming (OW), ocean acidification (OA) and their interaction with local drivers, e.g., copper pollution, may negatively affect macroalgae and their microscopic life stages. We evaluated meiospore development of the kelps Macrocystis pyrifera and Undaria pinnatifida exposed to a factorial combination of current and 2100-predicted temperature (12 and 16 °C, respectively), pH (8.16 and 7.65, respectively), and two copper levels (no-added-copper and species-specific germination Cu-EC50). Meiospore germination for both species declined by 5–18% under OA and ambient temperature/OA conditions, irrespective of copper exposure. Germling growth rate declined by >40%·day−1, and gametophyte development was inhibited under Cu-EC50 exposure, compared to the no-added-copper treatment, irrespective of pH and temperature. Following the removal of copper and 9-day recovery under respective pH and temperature treatments, germling growth rates increased by 8–18%·day−1. The exception was U. pinnatifida under OW/OA, where growth rate remained at 10%·day−1 before and after copper exposure. Copper-binding ligand concentrations were higher in copper-exposed cultures of both species, suggesting that ligands may act as a defence mechanism of kelp early life stages against copper toxicity. Our study demonstrated that copper pollution is more important than global climate drivers in controlling meiospore development in kelps as it disrupts the completion of their life cycle.