Genus and size-specific susceptibility of soft corals to 2020 bleaching event in the Philippines

Abstract

Soft corals are zooxanthellate sessile animals supporting various organisms in coral reefs. However, their populations are threatened by the impacts of ocean warming. Under thermal stress conditions, soft corals may experience mild to severe bleaching which may lead to death. Understanding soft coral bleaching responses highlights the importance in predicting how populations and diversity may be affected by changing climate scenarios. In this study, we examined the bleaching responses of the three dominant soft coral genera (<i>Lobophytum</i>, n = 1318; <i>Sarcophyton</i>, n = 116; <i>Sinularia</i>, n = 639 colonies) in the Bolinao-Anda Reef Complex (BARC), Pangasinan, north-western Philippines during the 2020 thermal stress event in terms of genus and colony size susceptibility, and zooxanthellae density. Degree heating week (DHW) data from 1986–2020 were obtained using remotely sensed data to determine thermal anomalies in the study sites. The maximum DHW (6.3) in 2020 occurred between July–August while bleaching surveys were done during October of the same year. The percentage of bleached portions in each colony was used to determine bleaching category: no bleaching (0%), moderately bleached (1–50%) and heavily bleached (>50%). Quantification of bleaching prevalence and susceptibility of colony sizes were determined by colony count and mean diameter measurements taken from quadrat photographs in October 2020. Haphazard tissue collection (∼3 cm) in each colony of three soft coral genera per bleaching category was done to quantify zooxanthellae density. Results showed that <i>Lobophytum</i> colonies had the lowest bleaching prevalence (41%), followed by <i>Sinularia</i> (66%) and <i>Sarcophyton</i> (78%). All colony size classes of the three genera were susceptible to bleaching. However, smaller colonies of <i>Lobophytum</i> (<15 cm), <i>Sarcophyton</i> (<5 cm) and <i>Sinularia</i> (<5 cm) showed less susceptibility than large colonies. Zooxanthellae density was significantly reduced in moderately and heavily bleached colonies. The results of this study highlight that bleaching susceptibility is genus specific, with <i>Sarcophyton</i> and <i>Sinularia</i> being more susceptible to bleaching than <i>Lobophytum</i>. Smaller colonies seemed to be less susceptible to bleaching than large-sized soft corals suggesting a differential thermal stress response. Spatial variations in bleaching prevalence were also found among reef sites with varying environmental conditions and thermal stress histories. This work provided initial observations on how bleaching affects soft corals. Further studies on soft coral community recovery are recommended to fully understand how these organisms perform after thermal stress events.